Manipulation of Truth in Oliver Stones JFK Essay -- essays research p

Manipulation of Truth in Oliver Stone's JFK   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oliver Stone is a master of manipulation. Being an expert in the art of directing, Stone is able to make an audience believe whatever he wishes. In the 1991 film JFK, Oliver Stone manipulates facts in order to convey a fictional conspiracy involving the assassination of John F. Kennedy. The Zapruder film and the magic bullet theory are two facts that Stone employs to trick the audience into believing his fabricated tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stone unfolds this film through the eyes of Jim Garrison, the district attorney of New Orleans, who believes that there is more to the assassination than what has been presented in the past. Although three years have gone by since the conclusion of the trial, Garrison feels personally obligated to uncover classified information that will prove a complex government coup d'etat. Garrison's idea that the United States government is somehow related to Kennedy's assassination is first seen in the opening of the film. Stone flashes scenes from the Zapruder film (an eight millimeter live video of the shooting) where he mutes the original audio sounds and replaces them with ceremonial music, representative of the United States government. Being that the Zapruder film is a piece of documented evidence; a general audience does not question its validity. This replacement of sound is a conscious attempt to foreshadow the conclusion that Stone wants the audience to come to at the end of the film. By linking together visual images of the assassination with military music, Stone sends a subliminal message that two are somehow related. In reality, this connection is nothing more than a fictional interpretation contrived by Oliver Stone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Where does reality end and fiction begin in Garrison's conspiracy theory? This is a question that one must ask themselves before viewing the final episode of JFK. The final element of the movie is made up of an intense and captivating courtroom scene. It is here where Garrison culminates the entirety of his speculations and presents them in front of a court of law. Are Garrison's suppositions valid, or is it the way in which he presents these conjectures that makes them appear to be true? Garrison's passionate and charismatic rhetoric makes his accusations exce... ... righteousness in the name of their former president. Testimonies from witness present at the assassination, in reality, do not exist. Because of the emotional high being experienced, viewers do not take the time to separate what is fact in Garrison's testimony from what is fiction. Stone successfully uses his final presentation of the factual Zapruder film to coerce a majority of both audiences into believing his contrived tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oliver Stone incorporates facts such as the Zapruder film and the magic bullet theory into his 1991 film, JFK. This film is not intended to be a documentary, but rater a persuasive work of art that uses facts in order to convey fiction. Being a master of manipulation, Stone is able to alter the way in which he presents these facts, causing viewers to believe that there is a conspiracy involving the Kennedy assassination. By using techniques such as replacement of sound and repetition of footage, Oliver Stone forces viewers to make false connections and experience intense emotions. Through careful manipulation of evidence in JFK, Stone successfully persuades a majority of viewers to believe an ultimately fictional conspiracy.

Human Rights Essay

Human Rights are those rights that are deemed to belong to all individuals by virtue of their humanity 1. Previously, these rights were referred to as â€Å"the rights of man† or natural rights. Because of this, human rights are ascribed to all humanity regardless of their citizenship or nationality. The human rights doctrine can, in this respect, come into direct conflict with other doctrines of the sovereignty of other governments in the world, and the law, because of the universality that has led to the pursuit of the agenda of human rights at stages of international co-operation in the era of post war2. The Human Rights Act has elicited a lot of divided opinion. Debate has risen in Britain as whether to repeal the Human Rights Act, (hereinafter referred to as the HRA), extend it or whether it should be replaced altogether with the British Human Rights (Hereinafter referred to BHR)3. Repealing the HRA refers to abolishing or evoking the act altogether while extending it will imply that, this Act could stay on longer without being repealed or cancelled by the British Government. In Britain, some fundamental individual freedoms are today protected by the Human Rights Act of 1998 which requires all the Britain law to obey the European Convention of 1950 on Human Rights (hereinafter ‘The ECHR’) and which also makes it possible for the convention to be enforceable in all the British Courts and makes it mandatory for the Judiciary to interpret the local law so that it complies with the convention4. The act came into existence over ten years and it seeks to protect the individual rights of people and has had a lasting impact in many fields of their private and public lives. The HR integrated the ECHR into the British law and therefore made it unlawful for any Public body or officer to act or behave in way which is incompatible with the convention5. The 1998 HRA made the ECHR to be part and parcel of the British National Law. Before that, the courts were only allowed to take the ECHR in very limited circumstances during domestic proceedings6. However, section 19 of the Act made it mandatory for any future legislation to contain compatibility with the ECHR. The Human Rights Act was in 1998 hailed to be a landmark statute but has elicited a lot of controversy and misconception. The HRA of 1998 has brought some certain elements into the legal system of Britain about the Human Rights of the European convention. In this Act, the British Courts are required to uphold and apply the ECHR in each and every decision that they make. This convention was developed to safeguard against the rejuvenation of Nazism and the protection of the rights it sought to protect after the Second World War7. The Articles which are contained in the Human Rights Convention proclaim among others the right to life which is contained in Article 2, prohibition of torture of human beings which is contained in Article 3, the prohibition of forced labor and slavery which is contained in Article 4, the right to security and liberty which is contained in Article 5, the right to a fair and just trial which is contained in article six, the prohibiting of extra legal punishment which is contained in article seven, the right to respect of the private family life of individuals which is contained in Article eight and the freedom of conscience, thought and religion which is contained in article nine. The convention also spells out the liberty of self expression that is found in Article 10 and the freedom of association and assembly that is clearly depicted in article eleven. The right to marriage and the prohibition of discrimination are contained in articles twelve and fourteen respectively 8. The legal modern approach of human rights that binds the governments to this Act arose from the United Nations Declaration on Human rights in 1948 which internationally developed a secular agreement on the rights of the human kind to provide the means through which the desire of the governments of the world could be able to prevent the recurrence of atrocities which were committed in WWII through setting of a common standard for all people and states 9. Should we repeal the HRA? The Human Rights Act should be repealed because it undermines the sovereignty of Britain as an independent state and therefore it should not be governed by laws from external sources. Given the fact that Britain is an independent country having its own laws and constitution to guide it in whatever undertakings that concerns it, there is no need for it to incorporate the ECHR since its laws have articles concerning the human rights. There is need to repeal the Human Rights Act because the Human Rights can well be covered under the British Bill of Rights 10.. The Human Rights Act should be repealed because it has undermined the authority of parliament and given the judges the ability to issue any declarations of incompatibility yet these judges have no empowerment to strike down any laws which are incompatible but instead, it is the government which must make a decision as to how to respond to any declaration. By repealing the HRA, the British government could have been empowered to make decisions affecting Britain to solely remain in Britain and by so doing, a culture of self independence will be created and this will enable the British citizens to enjoy their rights alongside the rights of the ordinary citizens in Britain 11. There are those who argue that the HRA should not be repealed but instead, it should be directly incorporated into the British law. This is because, given the fact that there is lack of a codified constitution which sets out the citizen’s rights, the British doctrine for the sovereignty of parliament cannot provide enough protection for the rights of individuals from a government which is intrusive. The HRA can therefore ensure that all these are achieved12. Repealing of the HRA would make the laws under it to be under the control of the Judges in Britain. By so doing, a complicated legal situation could be created and this could lead to threatening of the protection that is currently provided in the European Law on Human Rights. The Human Rights Act should therefore never be repealed or replaced with the British Bill of Rights but instead, it should be extended. This is because the British Courts are a backstop of preventing the infringement of the fundamental rights and as such, they command a great respect from the general public 13. Should we extend the HRA? The HRA should not be extended because it forces the government of Britain to obey the ECHR yet it has its own laws which it is supposed to protect to maintain its sovereignty. Forcing an independent country to obey foreign rules is like colonization and therefore it should not be extended because it infringes on the freedom of Britain as an independent country. The HRA should not be extended by the British Government because it does not deal with big issues of discrimination, torture or slavery and other things which are restricted largely to other countries and of which it is also responsible for the very down to earth principles of the right to privacy, food, housing, equality, health and freedom of speech. The HRA does not reaffirm these obligations in a real way that individuals can be able to forget and seek to set them in history and in stone14. The Human rights Act should be extended because it is a very important piece of legislation which has so far been issued by the British Government 15. The Act will make all the British People to be enlightened with the fact that all people are born with obligations which require them to treat other human beings with dignity and in a way which they also expect to be treated. This dignity is therefore not about philosophy or religion but a matter of consideration for other people and common dece ncy. For Britain to redress the balance, then it will not be easy for it alone, but for the society and a world which bases itself on the respect of human rights to intervene so that the continued struggle aimed at adjusting the current attitudes and explaining to other individuals why there is need to respect other people can be achieved. The Human Rights Act should therefore be extended so that these ideals are realized16. But contrary to this, the HRA should be extended because it does not go far enough and therefore gives numerous states chances in the Human Rights Convention for the governments to opt out of some certain provisions for the sake of their national security. On the contrary, the human Rights Act should not be extended because it could subject some poor citizens of Britain to punishment as a result of having to travel far in search of justice in a foreign court other than seeking justice within the local courts available in their resident country. The further extension of the Human Rights Act in Britain is therefore a blow to the common citizens of Britain 17. The HRA should not be replaced by the British Bill of Rights so that the British parliament cannot be able to abolish the HRA in the same way they do to the other laws. Currently, the HRA has got no privileged position in the British Law and therefore, it can easily be changed in the constitution without the need for special procedures 18. If it is incorporated into the British Bill of Rights (hereinafter â€Å"the BBR), it will become difficult for anyone to easily change it to suit his or her circumstances. The HRA should never be replaced with the British Bill of Rights as suggested by some of the conservatives like David Cameron but it should instead be extended so that that a culture of impunity cannot be created by the government. Calls by the democrats that the Human Rights Act should never be repealed should therefore be never be supported. Instead, the Human Rights Act should be replaced by the British Bill of Rights so that the people of Britain can be able to reaffirm their independence by having their own domestic laws to govern them other than relying on international laws. 19. On the other hand, swapping the HRA with the BBR can be a sure way of restoring the responsibility for the balancing act to politicians in Britain which the general public can easily elect or boot out according to their preferences. Indeed, the establishment of the BBR will make the British government to have absolute power as a result of the rediscovered freedom which will positively develop democracy in and justice in the country. Should we replace the HRA with the BBR? The Human Rights Act should be replaced with a Bill of Rights because this Act is a means through which some parts of Human Rights contained in the European Convention are brought into the British Law books. The HRA clearly sets out the responsibilities of the people of Britain as a society since with any form of legislation; different people would often try to seek interpretation of its content to satisfy their own selfish ends. In essence, such people will popularly start shouting about the trampling and violation of human rights in any case the other channels are exhausted but funnily enough, this is possible because of the real principle which is enacted in the Human Rights Act itself20. Some people argue that the HRA should not be replaced with the British Bill of Rights so that rogue politicians are tamed by laws which are universally established and recognized. Given the fact that the decisions will remain in the country and not subject to laws from outside, it will create more room for bribery to exist and develop roots since people who make major decisions about human rights are located in one specific county. Attempts to replace the HRA with the British Bill of Rights should be discarded because it could be detrimental to the British people. People are entitled towards voicing their opinions if they feel there is violation of their human rights. The Act therefore, remains the best for delivering justice to all people without any fear or favor 21. The HRA should be extended because it gives the British people the legal rights to stand up and be counted and should not be discounted like any other politically correct set of legislation. For the British people to better understand the Human Rights Act at its infancy, then they have to be aware that they have rights to know what their law makers do on their behalf and not solely rely on the media for the interpretation of the law decisions since they can easily be outraged by headlines which are too sensational. Since all the British people are members of their respective societies, then they have to bring with them responsibilities along with the rights because it is their responsibility to know that as much as they may be incensed with the headlines, they are the same laws which protect them as individuals and as a community 22 The British government should therefore not diminish the Human Rights Act but instead better understand and appreciate it. There should be no retreat over the Human Rights Act and its critics should be brought on board to understand the benefits it brings the country. The Human Rights Act should be extended because the creation of the British Bill of Rights will not make it possible for the incorporation and builds on the British obligations which are incorporated in the ECHR. This is because once the laws are enshrined in the British Law, then all the Human Rights Act could have totally been overhauled and replaced by the British Bill of Rights. Rather than the British government seeks to diminish or repeal the Human Rights Act, it should instead extend it and commit itself fully to the ECHR23. The British government should also be aware that by seeking to swap the HRA with the BBR, then they could have opened up room for the creation of significant legal problems which would arise as a result of reduction of any of the protections which are guaranteed and contained under the ECHR. The HRA should not be repealed because in any case it was to be repealed, and then it will not make any major difference because even if the parliament repeals it, the Courts can, by themselves, decide to enforce it anyway. According to the President of the Supreme Court in Britain, no great impact could be achieved if parliament chose to repeal the Human Rights Act because to him, the Act has already achieved the â€Å"Constitutional Statutes† which render them very impossible to repeal24. The Human Rights Act 1998 should be upheld and even be extended because it has changed the constitutional role of the British Courts as far as domestic legislation is concerned since all legislation in Britain must now be fully interpreted in accordance with the rights contained in the European convention. The implementation of the Human Rights Act has therefore changed the way the constitution has evolved and also changed the roles of the judiciary. This is because the judiciary has adapted so as to incorporate the HRA25. The Human Rights Act should be repealed or replaced by the British Bill of Rights since it is clear that in circumstances where it is difficult to interpret legislation in line with the European Community on Human Rights convention, then the British law will be given prevalence over the contravention. The Human Rights Act should be re-branded into the British Bill of Rights because it can n improve the public’s perception26. This is true because it is Act’s text that critics of the Human Rights are against and they are against the public bodies the decisions by the courts that people do not like. We should therefore, repeal or even substitute the HRA with the BBR before it even survives the stage of adolescence because the politicians who are very well known for permitting internment on a yearly basis cannot be trusted to build on the existing freedoms and rights but instead, they will aim at destroying the same27. The Human Rights Acts of 1998 which incorporated the ECHR into British law should not be repealed or even be replaced by the BBR because it gives the citizens statutory rights to enable them enforce their Human Rights in any Court in Britain 28. These rights were brought home by the integration of the ECHR, and therefore, made it easier for British Citizens to access them locally in their national courts. The incorporation of these conventions into the British laws therefore, not only provided a ceiling but also a floor for human rights. The Human Rights Act should be extended because it gives parliament the freedom to enhance the rights for instance by a Freedom of information Act which is contained in article 40. The British citizens were very privileged after the full implementation of the Human Rights Act in the year 2000 because they were able to claim their rights under legislation in a British Court rather than in Strasbourg where the final arbiter on interpretation of the convention of the ECHR is located. It should therefore, be noted that the sole reason of introducing the HRA in Britain was actually to bring the rights home to the people of Britain29. The Human Rights Act should not be extended because it does not in any way create new human rights or take away any existing human rights. Instead, the HRA followed the devastation that was caused by the World War II and aimed at protecting the basic freedoms and rights of the British people. The HRA seeks to enable the British Citizens to enforce their human rights locally in the courts in the UK without necessarily taking their cases to Strasbourg through provision of easier and better access to rights which currently exist. On the hand, extending the Human Rights Act is beneficial for the British people because those people who are against it have been known to have moral laxity and ignorance of the law. This is because the Human Rights Act empowers people to promote their interests. The human Rights Act should be upheld and extended because it belongs to all the human kind on account of their humanities and not based on the membership of the narrower classifications like ethnicity, class or citizenship. Unlike the British Bill of Rights which may tend to exclude by definition the non-citizens of a country from its protection, the Human Rights Act seeks to protect every human being regardless of where one comes from, the skin color, age or gender. Individuals like the undocumented employees, a single mum who loses all her benefits and the inmates in Guantanamo Bay actually lack the state or law which can protect them. For such people to enjoy the benefits of humanity and the rights associated with it, passing of a new British Bill of rights or keeping the initial Human Rights Act adds nothing to their lives30. The HRA should not be extended because it does not enlarge the remedies or rights of people in the United Kingdom whose rights in the convention have been violated but instead it enables those remedies and rights to be enforced and asserted by the domestic courts in Britain and not by recourse in Strasbourg. The Act should be extended because since its implementation, it has had a great deal of positive influence on the British Courts and therefore led to substantial improvement on the quality of public administration by the Executive, the public bodies, the Judges and the parliament in general. The replacement of the Human Rights Act by the British Bill of Rights will compromise the quality of these public administration institutions31. The Human Rights Act should not be repealed because it could lead to the prevention of the United Kingdom citizens from exercising their fundamental rights in the UK Courts and therefore leading to prolonged delays for the citizens who would be forced to present their appeals to the European Community on Human Rights in Strasbourg in order to assert their rights. The HRA should be replaced by the BBR as suggested by the British government which pointed out that they may build on the HRA to build a British Bill of Duties and rights. However such an attempt by the government is prone to bring success because of questions that have been raised in relation with these proposals. Among the questions that have been raised are whether there exist things like the rights for the British people or the British rights and how such rights can effectively operate within the framework of devolution to Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Questions have also been raised as to whether there should be any inclusion of the economic and social rights within the British Bill of rights. The Human Rights Act should therefore be left the way it is and never be replaced by the British Bill of Rights because it could lead to so many legal complications in Britain32. The Human Rights Act should not be replaced into British Human Rights because the Bill of Rights could bring in ideas of making some of the additional rights in the Bill of Rights to be justifiable and therefore making the judiciary to further expand its scope of influence on issues which could be better handled by the parliamentarians. The HRA should not be replaced by the British Bill of Rights because there is a lot of confusion which has continued to reign as to whether the New Bill of Rights would comfortably sit alongside the Human Rights Act or it would be a direct replacement of the Human Rights Act. Instead of having two documents which would be unhelpful to the people it will be preferable to have a single document (the Human Rights Act) which adds to the ECHR33. The Human Rights Act should be repealed or even be replaced by the British Bill of Rights depending on the public good because it was enacted by parliament in 1998 and should therefore be fully discussed to determine whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The British government should therefore place its focus on the human rights as a way of justifying and improving the official decision making rather than automatically making it to become a legal issue. In cases where the public authorities feel the need to tamper with the individual human rights, then must have genuine motives and follow fair and just procedures. In addition, the Act should not be repealed or be replaced by the British Bill of Rights because it is good for the British people. What needs to be done is to improve education about the Human Rights Act among the public to ensure that it occupies a more strategic position in schools and colleges. This is the right time to sell the true values of the Human Rights Act to the general public, something that has never been done after the Act became effective. By so doing, the public would be in a better position to be informed as to whether to repeal the Human Rights Act, repeal it or extend it34. People who support the HRA rgue that it should be extended because it is the safe and sure channel of giving protection to the marginalized and most vulnerable members of any society. They claim that anyone who is in Britain for any reason is entitled towards fundamental human rights which the public and the government are duly and legally obliged to obey and respect. This is because the Human Rights Act of 1998 made them to become law. Similarly, the Act should be extended because the rights contained in the convention not only deals with matters of death and life but also affects the rights possesses by people in their everyday life reflected in what they do, say and their beliefs.

Zero Population Growth Saving our population one less...

The earth has been around for billions of years and it everyone’s hope that it will continue to be here for billions more; The world of the future is often very exciting to think about. All the new inventions and advances that humans have yet to achieve are endless. Although there is hope and excitement for the coming future there is also a danger that is looming over the earth. Currently, the earth’s population is estimated at around 7.2 billion and is growing exponentially at an alarming rate. Resources on our earth are limited and it is unknown how many more people that the earth can handle. With these growing numbers, action needs to be taken to protect to the earth and to protectant the continuation of the human species. As the earth’s population grows, it is crucial to think of ways to deal with the increasing numbers to come, through urban planning, birth control and alternative food sources can plan for the future of the earth. As the population is grows, more and more people are looking to cities for jobs and better lives for their families. Currently half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. By 2050 it is estimated that two thirds of the population will be living in urban areas (Leen). With people flooding into cities at such a fast rate there are many threats to be dealt with. The two most pressing ones are, poverty and environmental decay. The increased demands of urban life can lead to air and water pollution, high-energy consumption and garbageShow MoreRelatedThe Government And Reserve Bank Of India1431 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial inclusion Even after 68 years of independence, still large section of population remains unbanked which mainly include poor people who don’t have regular income or people who are laborers and also large number of farmers are excluded from financial services. 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The Documentary Freedom Summer - 908 Words

After watching the documentary Freedom Summer, I find the part on how SNCC was using the Freedom Summer against white supremacy really appealing to me. In the movie, white supremacy brought both challenges and opportunities for SNCC to implement its movement. The dominant white supremacy begins with the racial segregation, and the segregation is the origin of the political and economic inequality. This segregation in large has created this natural social hierarchy which has pushed the African American into the terrible living conditions with less-working skilled job opportunities. Education segregation is also a huge component of this white supremacy. Recalling the documentary, SNCC was unable to encourage most African Americans of the region to stand-up to claim their voting rights due to their lack of knowledge about the constitutional system. In response to this predicament, SNCC founded the Mississippi Freedom Schools and set up classes to prepare people to register to vote. To make the school more practical, SNCC not only selected their applicants from the white upper-middle class, but also evaluated the applicant s class ranking and education level. This recruiting technique has provided a solid foundation for the freedom schools. The organizers also considered this recruiting technique with a different perspective. These wealthy upper-middle class well-educated candidates were likely to become the leaders in the society. SNCC recruiting them will help them toShow MoreRelatedPolitics And Policy : Politics, Policy And Journalism1211 Words   |  5 Pagesand documentaries from the demise of labour to the rise of SNP and even the Independence referendum! They say that nothing you do will ever truly stay local and that is certainly true for my interest in politics, as time progressed I found myself more infatuated with not only the Scottish political scene but that of Westminster and the recent Brexit referendum. 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Between 1914 and 1920, the Great Migration saw countless African Americans move North looking for a better life. As Dorsey remembered of his decision to move North, [T]hey said it was a place of freedom. I was looking for that. And it was freer. The freedom and opportunity sought by Dorsey and his fellow migrants found expression in an explosion of new music in Chicago-jazz, blues, and gospel. Soon Chicagos thriving music scene attracted African Americans from all over theRead MoreGraduation Speech : College Experience Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe Americanization of going to college is idolized, treasured, and held at a historic prestige here in the United States. You put your hope, hard earned money from summer jobs, faith, endless tears, ACT scores, missing high school football games, slaving away your weekends, and giving up your entire â€Å"social life† at the age of seventeen is an epidemic. In the end you’re doing it to get a piece of paper delivered to you in the mail. You pace back and forth, you constantly pester the mailman and evenRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : An Important Contribution Of Society925 Words   |  4 Pageswearing a shirt and cap and resolved to wearing only a lion-cloth in Septemb er of 1921 (Gee N.P). Gandhi’s simple lifestyle helped him and others recognize what’s important to them in life, and guided them to valuable ways to fight for equality and freedom. The first South African War began in 1880 and lasted for a year. This war has been called the Transvaal Rebellion because the Boers (descendants of the original Dutch settlers of southern Africa) of the Transvaal revolted against the British annexation

What are Traditions - 821 Words

A tradition family consists of a mom, a dad and a few kids. This is societies version of a â€Å"normal family†, which is accepted by all states in the US, legally and socially. However, people who identify themselves in the Lesbian, Gay Bisexual, and Trans-gender community want to be parents as well. This is not what the majority of Americans see as normal, and there are stigmas and myths that take a hold of these parents and they are discriminated against because of the stigmas and the stereotypes that people can hold against them. In research, LGBT parents are more than capable of parenting, and they do just as well as heterosexual parents. More specifically, looking at studies with adolescents show that the more open the parent(s) is with them, the tighter a relationship, as with any other heterosexual parenting style. There are also legal aspects of child custody and how sexual and familial identities are played in a court of law. LGBT Parents v. Heterosexual Parents Definitions LGBT stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender. It is a community who all define themselves in one of these ways. Zastrows book Human Behavior defines the word homosexual refers to â€Å"being attracted primarily to someone of the same gender to satisfy sexual and emotional needs† (p. 582). To go further to define a few more words, Zastrow also refers to bisexual as â€Å"romantically and sexually attracted to members of either gender† (p. 583). He also goes to define transgender as groups ofShow MoreRelatedWhat Is A Long Lasting Tradition Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesLong Lasting Tradition We walk in and the atmosphere fills me with joy; I hear children yelling on roller coasters, the amazing aroma of greasy, fried pork rinds, seeing smiles everywhere, it just sets the mood of having a great day. My family and I are at the famous theme park, Silver Dollar City. We have had a lasting tradition of visiting, every Christmas holiday and enjoying the sights and sounds of this amazing place. Our first stop is the store, Christmas Hollow, where Christmas is everywhereRead MoreWhat The Tradition Teaches About Life After Death1496 Words   |  6 Pages1. Explain what the tradition teaches about life after death and why this belief is significant to members of this religious tradition Many people are not sure about life after death but the Catholic Church teaches otherwise. The Scriptures teach that it is natural to die. â€Å"There is a season for everything†¦ A time for giving birth, a time for dying.†- Ecclesiastes 3:1-2. For Christians, the meaning to death is found in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, which Catholics celebrate inRead MoreTo What Extent Do Conservatives Believe in Tradition and Continuity1160 Words   |  5 PagesTradition is based on practices, ideas and institutions that have passed through time and has been produced from its earliest of origins. Conservatives stress the importance of tradition as it allows continuity between different time frames, traditional conservatives are against change so tradition creates a bases of society staying the same for examples, in terms of being hierarchical. The terms of tradition has caused conflict within conservatism as the New Right – the neoliberals and neoconserva tivesRead MoreWhat can the examination of religious texts tell us about a religious tradition?1412 Words   |  6 Pagesdeeper into their meaning, and the life that surrounds them, and indeed what meanings are associated with the text being studied. Religious text usually take the form of the stories, laws and interpretations of ancient events, these texts have usually been handed down by word of mouth. It is these texts that form the basis and foundation of a belief system and also a resource for the practical belief systems, and traditions of that said religion. Often it is the religious texts that give the religionRead MoreSimilarities between Oral and Literary Traditions663 Words   |  3 PagesWhen thinking of oral traditions and literary traditions they both have their own similarities. Oral tradition is information that is passed down from generations by words that is not written down. On the hand literary tradition would be a language that is written and well spoken. It also makes whatever is written down permanent. Both are similar but slightly different from another. Before the literary tradition of written texts, oral tradition passed tales of gods, heroes, and other memorable mortalsRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley J ackson And The Sisterhood Of The Night901 Words   |  4 Pagesregulations of a tradition. Observing a tradition is a form of togetherness among every individual and it must be practiced in the right way. Tradition plays an important role in the lives of villagers and it also shines light on how customs and tradition should be practiced according to the way our ancestors have done it in the past. However, it is not one person or a group of people’s idea, it is a laid down rules and laws that can never be changed by anyone regardless of what the situation mightRead MoreHabits of the Heart793 Words   |  4 PagesTipton, introduce four traditions that contribute to making up a culture. The first tradition is the biblical tradition followed by the republican tradition , the utilitarian individualism and expressive individualism. All four of these traditions combine to make up the culture in which everyone in the world lives. My ideal culture would consist of 40% of the repu blican tradition, 30% of utilitarian individualism, 25% of expressive individualism, and 5% of the biblical tradition. I believe that ifRead MoreThe Origin Of Culture And The False Perception958 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are several denominations where their doctrinal beliefs and traditions are followed religiously. Through the story of the â€Å"Traditions of the Elders† in Mark 7, this paper focuses on the origin of culture and the false perception it gives that is was created by God. Although culture religious traditions can have association with God, culture and religious traditions are not are not from God and can prevent people from doing what God wants Context Mark 7:1-8 begins with the Pharisees and the scribesRead MoreAnalysis Of Gandhi s Reclaiming A Tradition And Making It Your Own 1246 Words   |  5 Pagesviewpoint that Gandhi has on some of the traditions that are present in the Indian culture. The title of his piece ‘Reclaiming a Tradition and Making It Your Own’ is exactly what he writes about, because Gandhi takes his form of Hinduism and he molds the traditions to be more flexible to his own ideas and interests. The reason for this article is to describe how Gandhi and his fellow Indians took parts of their own religion and reformed some of the original traditions which they had believed had becomeRead MoreComparing Marxist Tradition With French Tradition847 Words   |  4 Pages Comparing and Contrasting Marxist Tradition With French Tradition: Essay #2 Karl Marx was probably the first theorist to identify significantly with key features of all three traditions (Levine 212), and while he did identify with all three, the French Tradition seemed to mesh with Marx more than the other two traditions. The Marxist Tradition, and the French Tradition compare and contrast due to their similar views of â€Å"perfect† society, politics, and freedom within a society. The idea of a

Reduced scale Free Essays

string(293) " the registration and licensing of Cacaos, prudential requirements, standard forms of accounts, co-operate governance, amalgamations, divisions and liquidations; establishment of a COCO Regulatory Authority, savings protection insurance, and setting up a Central Liquidity Fund, among others\." The reforms aimed at the eradication of poverty and unemployment challenges through substantial recovery and improvement or productivity of investment economizing the private sector as the main engine of growth. In discussing the issues of the liberalizing of cooperative policies practices and legislation its clear that the societies have both successes and failures. Successes of the liberalizing of cooperatives up to date To the cooperative movement, liberalizing measures were put in place with a view to create commercially autonomous member-based cooperatives that would be democratically and professionally managed; self-controlled; and self-reliant. We will write a custom essay sample on Reduced scale or any similar topic only for you Order Now To this effect in 1997 government published Session Paper No. 6 of 1997 on â€Å"Co-operatives n a Liberalized Economic Environment† to provide the new policy framework for the necessary reforms. To date the role of the government was redefined from control to regulatory and facilitative in nature. The Ministry of Co-operative Development duties were confined to registration and liquidation of co-operative societies; enforcement of the Co-operative Societies Act; formulation of co-operative policy; advisory and creation of conducive environment for co-operative growth and development; registration of co-operative audits; and carrying out of inquiries, investigations and inspections which is still applicable today. Successfully also was the enforcement of co-operative principles of voluntary and open Membership; democratic member control; member-economic participation; autonomy and independence; education, training and information; co-operation among cooperatives; and concern for community. The reforms have given autonomy to individuals will to Join or leave the cooperatives, which is still effectively being practiced, up to date. The 1966 Co- operative Societies Act was repealed and replaced by the Co-operative Societies Act, No. 2 of 1997 the new Co-operative Societies Act served to reduced government involvement in the day-to-day management of co-operatives. Cooperatives were granted authority to rule over themselves from the previous state controls by transferring the management duties in co-operatives from the Commissioner for Co- operative Development to the members through their duly elected management committees. This trend is still applicable up to date where by members have the discre tion to make policies through Coco’s that benefit them. Co-operatives were no longer required to seek the permission of the Commissioner to invest, spend or borrow. They were now free to borrow against part or the whole of their properties if heir by-laws allowed, provided the annual general meeting approved such borrowing which is still applicable today. The reforms have also given cooperatives the power to hire and fire grade staff without the commissioners consent. The cooperative movement as a result of liberalizing has seen a growth in the cooperative movement with a growth in 2004 of 10,642 cooperatives in Kenya and currently the number is increasing rapidly with the inception of other better laws such as the new constitution. Despite the reducing trend of membership surprisingly there’s an increase in member registration in Coco’s over the years up to date new CACAOS are being formed even among the self-employed persons in the informal AU Kali) and agricultural sectors, which is a complete departure from the past where these co-operatives were only formed among the employed persons in the urban areas. To this extent, it can be said that liberation has transformed the cooperative movement and that many citizens are appreciative of it. Liberalizing of the cooperative movement has transformed the structural organization of cooperatives. The inefficient cooperative unions are increasingly loosing their members, for cooperative societies now have the freedom to seek better service provision from there organizations or make provision for such services on their own. Another advantage is that Agricultural co-operative unions have particularly been affected through monopoly. For instance, in the dairy sub-sector, co-operative societies were affiliated to the Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KC) that monopolized the processing and marketing of milk up to the early sass’s. It is in these circumstances that some of them like Guthrie and Lemur dairy co-operative societies have put up their own milk processing plants that are still running up to date. With this, vertical integration f cooperatives in the dairy sector has virtually collapsed as cooperative societies now have the freedom to sell their produce to any willing buyer rather than KC and some of the societies have put up their own milk processing plants to offer the services previously provided by KC. Despite all that, non-agricultural co-operative unions have remained vibrant, particularly those in the financial sector, and have subsequently maintained the vertical structure of the cooperative movement. For example, to date Kenya Union of Savings and Credit Cooperative (COUSCOUS) brings gather over 2,600 active COCO societies with a membership of over two million while the Kenya Rural Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies Union KEIRETSU has 45 active rural COCO societies with a membership of 1. 5 million. These unions serve as the mouthpieces of the respective CACAOS in the country; a feat that has helped the unions continue to attract rather than loose membership. COUSCOUS also provides common shared services like education and training; business development, consultancy and research; risk management; and the inter-lending program for CACAOS called Central Finance Program. These services have attracted CACAOS to main loyal members of COUSCOUS, and helping it attain the status of the largest COCO movement in Sub-Sahara Africa. Successfully with the current liberalizing of cooperatives most of the cooperative organizations are functioning without reference to the apex organization. The role of spokesperson and representative of the cooperative movement is increasingly being played by national cooperative organizations and cooperative unions. As an example, COUSCOUS being the mother of all Coco’s now stands out as the mouth-piece and advocate of CACAOS in all matters that affect the development and growth of these cooperatives. COUSCOUS has been vibrant in the recent past by being vocal, in opposing the retrenchment of employee’s as that would affect the membership of Cacaos. Even more significantly, COUSCOUS was recently involved in the formulation of the yet to be debated and enacted COCO Act that sets out to make special provisions for the registration and licensing of Cacaos, prudential requirements, standard forms of accounts, co-operate governance, amalgamations, divisions and liquidations; establishment of a COCO Regulatory Authority, savings protection insurance, and setting up a Central Liquidity Fund, among others. You read "Reduced scale" in category "Papers" In the circumstances, the collapse of the vertical organization of the cooperative movement in the country is increasingly becoming evident. Another success of the liberalizing is that with liberalizing of the economy, banks such as The Cooperative Bank of Kenya have opened shareholding to individual members of co-operative societies as was duly recommended by their societies in 1996. The bank has however, retained its association with the co-operative movement by restricting 70% of the shares to co-operatives while individual members of societies hold only 30% of the shares and are not entitled to attend the annual general meeting of the ann.. This has helped to keep out private shareholders who might have bought out the bank as has been the case in other African countries. The coming of this policy framework also saw the International Cooperative Alliance’s (CA) cooperative principles of voluntary and open membership, democratic member control; member- economic participation, autonomy and independence, education, training, cooperation among cooperatives; and concern for community became formally incorporated in the cooperative policy. The 1997 policy failed to provide for the separation of the responsibilities of elected management committees from managerial staff responsibilities. Consequently, management decisions were still made by elected leaders that may not be qualified managers. In such response to the inadequacies of the 1997 policy, the Ministry formulated a revised policy framework titled â€Å"Kenya Cooperative Development Policy 2008†. The 2008 policy themed at ‘expanding the economic space for sustainable cooperative growth in Kenya’, focused on restructuring, strengthening and transforming cooperatives into vibrant economic entities that can confront the challenges of wealth creation, employment creation and poverty reduction as private business ventures. To date the policy is still up and running. After the fall of Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives KNIFE, the interim Board started developing the strategy in 2007 by holding provincial consultative meetings that focused on how to revive the organization. This culminated in the National Cooperative Leaders Conference in November in 2007, which endorsed a new governance structure, revised By-Laws (2008) and a new funding strategy. The revised By-Laws (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, Bibb) proposed a governance structure consisting of a secretariat composed of the Executive Director ND four heads of sections; a technical committee comprising of the Chief Executive Officers of Nachos; the General Assembly as the supreme authority consisting of 75 elected delegates; and the National Governing Council as the executive authority comprising of eight Chairmen of Nachos, seven elected regional representatives, the Commissioner for Cooperative Development and the Executive Director. The By-Laws also address the need for strengthening of the financial capacity of KNIFE, as they propose a graduated scale of annual contribution by members based on the type of cooperative organization and annual turnover. This amends have helped to shape the federation up to date with increased number of people. The revitalization program has charted a new direction for the organization, as it restricted its activities to the core objective for which it was formed. That is, to be the mouth-piece of the cooperative movement in Kenya by engaging in advocacy, lobbying, collaboration and networking activities. At the end of the revitalization process, the investment in institutional capacity building of KNIFE should has enabled it to address wealth creation and poverty alleviation of the cooperative movement. Liberalizing has rough about growth of banks such as the Cooperative Bank of Kenya. The Bank has not only been instrumental in providing banking services to cooperatives, but has also been the source of affordable credit for the cooperative movement. For instance, today it lends approximately EKES 3. 5 billion (USED $46. Million) annually to Cacaos, in order to increase their liquidity levels so that they can meet member demands for loans associated with school fees. Moreover, the Cooperative Bank still serves as a mechanism through which most donors to the agricultural sector, particularly those that produce coffee, can channel their support. This has allowed the Cooperative Bank to network with many donors, such as Food Aid Organization (FAA), and the European Union, among others. I n the financial sector, CACAOS are also increasingly becoming innovative by developing new products to enhance their income. For instance there’s some diversification of traditional products of savings and credit of Coco’s by introducing Front Surviving liberalizing: the cooperative movement in Kenya Front Office Service Activity (FOSS). FOSS offers services that members can use to process their monthly salary, while having access to instant cash advances (based n their salary) and maintaining withdrawal savings deposits. Currently, slightly over 250 CACAOS operate with this activity in Kenya. In addition, the COCO movement is quickly spreading from its traditional urban and wage employment strongholds into the agricultural sector in rural areas and informal economy. As a success liberalizing has enabled the setup of free market cooperative entities that have led many people to derive their Jobs from marketing products produced by cooperatives. For instance, dairy cooperatives produce various products such as fresh ilk, ghee, butter and yoghurt; while other agricultural cooperatives market coffee, fish, pyrometer and eggs. These products are then passed on to other entities to market to retailers, wholesalers and consumers. To date this trend continues and has helped reduce poverty and provide employment as it was the expectation of the 1996 framework policy paper. Liberalizing has made Cooperatives to be sources of income by generating opportunities for many people, particularly members of cooperatives. In 2007, primary cooperatives in the agricultural sector had a membership of 1 approximately 50% of whom were estimated to be active. The CACAOS had 6,286,894 members, 98% whom were active in the lending activities of their cooperatives. The other non-agricultural primary cooperatives had a total membership of 334,000, with approximately 50 per cent active. These figures are clear pointers to the significant contribution of cooperatives to poverty reduction and poverty prevention in Kenya to date. This is particularly true as most of the income generated from cooperatives is mainly used to address long-term poverty prevention measures. Liberalizing has brought focus on cooperatives to the core activities of operatives, including agribusiness, entrepreneurship, savings and credit advancement regulations, leadership and governance of cooperatives, and the economic benefits of membership in cooperatives, among others. It is apparent that any cooperative that doesn’t provide Economic gains in Kenya tends to be deserted by the members. This is evidenced by dormancy that cooperatives are currently experiencing. A few activities of such successful cooperative ventures could be viewed as attempts at offering social protection to the members and this has brought the growth in some cooperatives in the country. As an advantage the framework policy has seen transformation of the cooperative movement where benevolent funds have been introduced in most CACAOS to which members contribute regularly and only draw from them when they are bereaved. The schemes define the relatives in whose death the member would get assistance to meet the burial expenses, as well as the respective amount of money to which he/ she would be entitled. Gracefully the institutionalizing of the framework paper policy and liberalizing has seen the transformation of the Cooperative Insurance Company(ClC). This company has the ore business of giving protection against risks associated with operation of cooperative enterprise, as well as cooperators themselves. Significant ICC has also developed a micro-finance insurance scheme specifically for covering savings of micro-finance institutions (Miff) in case a person with a loan passes away before completing repayment. Negative aspects of the liberalizing of cooperatives Consequently, the immediate impact on most co-operatives was mainly negative. The elected leaders abused the freedom bestowed on them and to the detriment of many cooperative societies. Corruption cases; gross mismanagement by officials; theft of operative resources; split of viable co-operatives into small uneconomic units; failure by employers to surrender members’ deposits to co-operatives (particularly Cacaos); failure to hold elections in co-operatives; favoritism in hiring and dismissal of staff; refusal by co-operative officials to vacate office after being duly voted out; conflict of interest among co-operative officials; endless litigation; unauthorized co- operative investments; and illegal payments to the management committees were increasingly reported in many co-operatives and up to date the trend is till continuing though at a reduced scale. Though there’s a surge of cooperative societies the indication is that up to date there’s recorded numbers of dormant cooperative societies. In 2004, the Kenya Union of Savings and credit cooperatives actually estimated that 42% of the cooperative societies were dormant. The number is still increasing and this isn’t beneficial to the eradication of poverty through employment and innovation. The relative poor performance of agricultural cooperatives could also be attributed to the liberalizing of the co-operative sector without adequately preparing the co-operatives. There’s also the element of over dependence of the agriculture sector, which leads to failure unexpectedly. Liberalizing has brought about immense changes in the cooperative movement. The Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives was the national apex of cooperative movements in Kenya. Its dominance declined drastically due to corruption and mismanagement reason being that poor management over the years saw KNIFE deviate from its core business into other activities, such as auditing, education and training as well as research and consultancy. Such activities were already being performed by some of its members, and subsequently KNIFE ended up competing with some of its members hat were offering the same services to the cooperative movement. In the circumstances some cooperatives found no reason for being members of a federation that they saw as a competitor. However its quick revival was established in 2005 after the then minister of cooperatives dissolved Knife’s Board of Directors and replaced it with an interim board (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, AAA). Interim Board of Directors that was appointed by the Minister in May 2005 immediately embarked upon developing strategies for reform and restructuring to revivalist the organization (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, 2007). As a active impact KNIFE has largely been ineffective in representing the cooperative movement during policy and legal processes. As an example, it failed to effectively participate and influence changes to the 1997 Cooperative Societies Act that produced the Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act, 2004. KNIFE started monopolizing donor support after the ACT had been enacted to hold consultations on the implications of the Act, which was too late to achieve any impact. Perhaps this also explains the absence of cooperatives in national development debates. KNIFE has lacked even up to date the urge to influence policy and legislative debates in Kenya, aging it difficult to improve the visibility of the cooperative movement. This is surely a liberalizing downfall a thing that the paper framework couldn’t expect to happen. As a negative effect liberalizing has reduced government support since autonomy was given to the private sector this free market approach has unfortunately brought to the decline of, the number of trainees from Cooperative college of Kenya. Cooperatives attending the college have been reducing since the liberalizing due to the tremendous reduction in government sponsorship to the cooperative movement for training purposes. Left on their own, most cooperatives, especially in the agricultural sector, have been unable to raise the required fees for their staff to train at the college. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the impact of liberalizing has seen cooperatives survive the market forces and open up more enterprising innovations that secure the welfare of employees. Successfully much legislation has been put in place that is still working up to date and this has helped to attract more members to cooperatives. On the downside corruption is still rampant as the societies grow new schemes are being hatched to hamper the progress of the cooperatives. How to cite Reduced scale, Papers

Moral Relativism justified free essay sample

Every man in this world defends his concepts of what is morally right or what is morally wrong, otherwise known as ethics. If ethics wasnt studied or systematized, concepts that shape our every day life would be questioned with lack of knowledge, just as if any other scholarly subject wasnt studied such as math or English. Albert Camus once stated, A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world. According to Benedicts A Defense of Moral Relativism, every culture has to draw a line between what is normal and what is abnormal. The line between normality and bnormality has to be distinguished in order to understand others in that same culture. For example, noises that people in American culture make. If a girl takes a large, deep, disappointed sigh after climbing out of bed, we would infer that she is just tired or doesnt want to wake yet. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Relativism justified or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In our culture, we would not find a noise or reaction like that relevant. However, then a boy asked that girl on a date, and she responded with the same big, disappointed sigh as earlier. That boy would then hopefully understand that her disappointed sigh is probably not a yes. Some noises nd gestures we make are not relevant to a conversation or any part of communication in a normal daily routine, while that same noise or gesture can be used to portray a feeling or response without even having to use words. For another example, take a cough. A cough is not used to portray a feeling or used for a means of communication. Benedict says that this is why we have to draw a line between normality and abnormality, so that we as a culture can understand simple conversations, what people are trying to communicate, and be able to respond correctly, or not at all. Benedict states in her argument In so far as a civilization is well integrated and consistent within itself, it will tend to carry farther and farther, according to its nature, its initial impulse toward a particular type of action, and from the point of view of an other culture those elaborations will include more and more extreme and aberrant traits (A Defense of Moral Relativism). By this, Benedict is claiming that a culture begins with a basic preference, and the starting point of that culture is completely arbitrary. Therefore, Benedict forms the conclusion that the istinction between normality and abnormality is culturally relative not universal, not grounded, only preferenced. Rachels argument, The Challenge of Cultural Relativism seems to agree with Benedict on the fact that different cultures have different moral codes, therefore their moral codes determine what is morally wrong and what is morally good, or abnormal and normal. However, Rachels believes that disagreement does not entail a lack of objective truth, forcing at least one person in an argument, or a different culture, to be wrong. Rachels also states that not all ifferences are differences in values. For example, Eskimos place a high value on human life, Just as the American culture does. However, it is common, therefore morally acceptable, for them to abandon a newborn if the family does not have the means or resources to raise it. However, it is not morally acceptable in our culture to abandon a newborn. Hence, Judgment can be esta blisned between the two arguments. Moral relativism is Justified by Benedicts argument, thus making moral relativism Justified by the Cultural Differences Argument. Rachels believes that if elativism were true, trans-cultural criticism would in impossible, making moral progress impossible. For example, our culture believed that women shouldnt be allowed to vote and now they are. Rachels would think that we were once morally wrong and now that we accept women voting, that we are now morally right. He says that this moral progress would be impossible if relativism were true. However, Benedict would argue that our culture thought we were right because we were accepting what we thought was morally true, and that since we now believe ifferently, we Just experienced a change in values. Rachels also deems that at least one person in an argument is wrong, whereas Benedict believes that whatever the individual or culture believes and accepts is true for them, and one opinion doesnt have to necessarily be wrong, but Just different because they have different preferences. Since preferences make up each cultures moral code, then yes, moral relativism is Justified by Benedicts argument, as relativism states that moral claims are true depending on the certain cultures or individuals beliefs, or preferences.